No evidence for observer effects on Lark Sparrow nest survival
نویسندگان
چکیده
Methods for monitoring bird nests might influence rates of nest predation, but the effects of various methods (e.g., visual markers and observer visitation rates) are often separately investigated among disparate avian taxa and geographic regions. Few investigators have explored the potential effects observers might have on nest success of grassland birds, despite concerns regarding population declines of these species in North America. We examined the possible effects of three monitoring techniques on daily nest survival of Lark Sparrows (Chondestes grammacus): (1) presence or absence of visible markers near nests, (2) observer visitation frequency, and (3) presence or absence of data loggers in nests. We monitored 113 Lark Sparrow nests during the 2009 breeding season. Of these nests, 88.5% failed due to predation, abandonment, weather, or unknown causes, yielding an overall nest success estimate of 9.8% based on daily survival estimation. Main effects of each monitoring technique appeared in top ( AICc <2) logistic exposure models. However, 95% confidence intervals around parameter estimates for each technique included zero, indicating no significant effects on daily nest survival. Our results suggest that the nest-monitoring techniques we used had no effect on Lark Sparrow nest success and, if true, nest survival of other songbirds in arid grasslands of the Great Plains may also be unaffected by cautious nest monitoring. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that any effects of the various techniques in our study were masked by locally intense nest predation. Therefore, additional study is needed to determine if there may be observable variation in nest survival among various nest-monitoring treatments in other areas of the southern Great Plains where nest predation is less frequent. RESUMEN. Sin evidencia del efecto del observador en la sobrevivencia de Chondestes grammacus Los métodos para monitorear los nidos de aves pueden influir en la tasa de depredación, pero el efecto de varios métodos (ej. marcadores visuales, tasa de visita del observador a los nidos) usualmente se investiga por separado entre los diferentes taxones de aves y regiones geográficas. Pocas investigaciones han explorado los efectos potenciales que los observadores puedan tener en el éxito de anidamiento de aves de hierbazales, pese a preocupaciones relacionadas con la reducción de estos en Norte América. Examinamos los posibles efectos de tres técnicas de monitoreo en la sobrevivencia diaria de individuos de Chondestes grammacus: (1) presencia o ausencia de marcadores visuales cerca de los nidos, (2) la frecuencia de visitas por observadores y (3) la presencia o ausencia de recopiladores electrónicos de datos en los nidos. Monitoreamos 113 nidos de Chondestes durante la temporada reproductiva del 2009. De estos nidos el 88.5% fracasaron debido a depredación, abandono del nido, las inclemencias del tiempo, o causas desconocidas, arrojando un éxito de anidamiento estimado en 9.8%, basado en un estimado de supervivencia diaria. El efecto principal de cada técnica de monitoreo apareció en el tope de un modelo de exposición logı́stica ( AICc <2). Sin embargo, el intervalo de confianza de 95% sobre los parámetros estimados para cada técnica incluyo el cero, lo que indica que no hubo un efecto significativo en la sobrevivencia diaria de los nidos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las técnicas de monitoreo de nidos que utilizamos no tuvieron efecto en el éxito de anidamiento de las aves. Si esto es correcto, la sobrevivencia de nidos de aves canoras en hierbazales áridos de las Grandes Planicies, pudiera también ser inafectada por el monitoreo cuidadoso. Sin embargo, no podemos dejar fuera la posibilidad de que algún efecto del monitoreo haya quedado opacado por la alta depredación. Por lo tanto, se necesitan estudios adicionales para determinar si hay variaciones observables en la sobrevivencia de nidos entre diferentes formas de monitoreo en otras áreas de las Grandes Planicies en donde la depredación no sea tan frecuente.
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